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diff --git a/synopsis.pdf b/synopsis.pdf Binary files differindex 871433e..428edc3 100644 --- a/synopsis.pdf +++ b/synopsis.pdf diff --git a/synopsis.tex b/synopsis.tex index 4b65cdb..df4fd2a 100644 --- a/synopsis.tex +++ b/synopsis.tex @@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{booktabs} +\usepackage{minted} + +\setcounter{tocdepth}{2} \title{Application Security} \author{Marcin Zelent} @@ -10,9 +13,11 @@ \begin{document} \maketitle + \newpage \tableofcontents + \newpage \section{Introduction} @@ -47,6 +52,7 @@ The main question which I would like to answer is: In order to give an answer to it, I will first need to find solutions to the following problems: + \begin{itemize} \item What is application security? \item What are the most common application security flaws and attack @@ -59,6 +65,7 @@ following problems: \section{Method} The method which I am going to use in my research consists of a few activities: + \begin{itemize} \item Getting general information about application security using all of the sources available on the internet, this could include @@ -221,7 +228,6 @@ The latest release of OWASP Top 10 lists these vulnerabilities as the most critical web application security risks: \begin{itemize} - \item \textbf{A1:2017 - Injection} \\ Allows the attacker to execute malicious code in the application's back-end by tricking the interpreter with a @@ -267,15 +273,167 @@ critical web application security risks: status needs to be monitored so, in case of a breach, the administrators could detect it, find a cause of it and fix the weakness. +\end{itemize} + +Apart from these risks there are also some additional weaknesses that need to be +taken into consideration when creating an application: +\begin{itemize} + \item CWE-352: Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) + \item CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption ("Resource Exhaustion, + "AppDoS") + \item CWE-434: Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type + \item CWE-451: User Interface (UI) Misinterpretation of Critical + Information (Clickjacking and others) + \item CWE-601: Unvalidated Forwards and Redirects + \item CWE-799: Improper Control of Interaction Frequency + (Anti-Automation) + \item CWE-829: Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere + (3rd Party Content) + \item CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) \end{itemize} +Let's take a closer look at some of the listed vulnerabilities now. + +\subsection{Injection} + +\subsubsection{How it works} + +When an application is not protected against this exploitation, it is possible +to insert a malicious code to the input field, which could be a part of a login +page or some form. Nothing bad could happen if a user types in it normal, +expected text, like \texttt{johnsmith@mail.com}. But if an attacker puts there a +specially crafted message like \texttt{login' OR '1'='1}, he could be able to +login to the system without a password. + +The way it works is simple. In this case, it is a SQL injection attack. When a +user presses login button, the contents of the input fields are sent to the +back-end, which is executing a SQL query to find a user with specified user name +and later to validate the password. This is how the first part of this query +could look like: + +\begin{minted}{sql} +SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Username = '$USERNAME'; +\end{minted} + +The \texttt{\$USERNAME} in this query is replaced with the inserted data. In +expected scenario: + +\begin{minted}{sql} +SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Username = 'johnsmith@mail.com'; +\end{minted} + +The application will look for \texttt{johnsmith@mail.com}. However, in the +attack scenario the query would look like this: + +\begin{minted}{sql} +SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Username = 'login' OR '1'='1'; +\end{minted} + +In this case the original query is changed by the attacker. \texttt{OR '1'='1'} +added by the attacker is a statement, which is always true. Therefore, the +database ignores the first condition (\texttt{WHERE Username = 'login'}), which +is false because there is no user with a user name \texttt{login} and returns +all users. The application expect only one user to be returned, so it will only +take the first one and login the attacker as this user. + +Apart from SQL injection, there are many more injection attack techniques. Here +is an example of remote file injection made in PHP: + +\begin{minted}{php} +<?php + if ( isset( $_GET['car'] ) ) { + include( $_GET['car'] . '.php' ); + } +?> +\end{minted} + +The intended behaviour is to load a PHP file, which is on the sever, when +loading a URL like: \texttt{https://example.com/cars.php?car=lamborghini}. This +should load lamborghini.php file. However, it could be exploited to load a +remote file with malicious code just by changing the end of the URL, from +\texttt{lamborghini} to \texttt{https://attackerswebsite.com/badcode}. + +Another injection attack is command injection. In this attack, the attacker can +execute shell commands by passing them to application, which does not do input +validation. Here is a C code, which is vulnerable to this technique: + +\begin{minted}{c} +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> + +int main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + char cmd[strlen(argv[1]) + 6]; + strcpy(cmd, "echo "); + strcat(cmd, argv[1]); + system(cmd); + + return 0; + } +\end{minted} + +It is just a simple wrapper around echo command, which prints whatever text +passed as an argument. Output of \texttt{Hello!} would be \texttt{Hello!}. +But passing \texttt{Hello!; rm -rf --no-preserve-root /} will not only print +\texttt{Hello!}, but also wipe the system partition completely, if run with +superuser privileges. + +\subsubsection{How to prevent it} + +To avoid injection attacks or at least minimize their consequences, it is +important to validate any input that is provided by the user or could be sent to +the application in other ways. There are many approaches to this. + +One way is to blacklist possibly malicious keywords, such us \texttt{OR '1'='1} +or \texttt{rm -rf --no-preserve-root /}, but this approach is far from ideal. +First problem is that it is impossible to block every troublesome combination, +there are just too many of them. Changing \texttt{OR '1'='1} to \texttt{OR +'x'='x} or putting comments inside the query could easily bypass this filter. + +Whitelisting is probably a better technique. Instead of blocking some keywords, +it is allowing only specific characters or combinations. For example it could +accept only letters from a to z and digits from 0 to 9. In case there are some +other characters, the message will be blocked. It is a very good aproach, but it +has some drawbacks. If a form requires a user to put his last name, but it +contains apostrophe (e.g. O'Malley) or special letter with accent (e.g. +Polański), he will not be able to put it there. + +Sanitization is another, highly effective approach. It works by removing +malicious parts from the input or replacing them with safe alternatives. Let's +say an attacker injects a dangerous script, like +\texttt{"><script>alert("foo")</script>}. The sanitization algorithm could make +it safe by stripping \texttt{<script>} tags and removing quotation marks. + +Finally, the best method to ensure the processed data is safe could be using +API intended for that, which does not use interpreter or utilizes a +parameterized interface. An example of that would sending prepared statements +with parameterized queries to prevent SQL injections just like in the C\# code +below: + +\begin{minted}{csharp} +string username = "johnsmith"; +string query = "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Username=@param_username"; +SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(query); +cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@param_username, username); +\end{minted} + +This way, if an attacker will send \texttt{login' OR '1'='1} to the application, +it will not cause any harm, because the query would literally try to find a user +with name \texttt{login' OR '1'='1}. + +\newpage + \section{Conclusion} \section{Reflection} +\newpage + \begin{thebibliography}{9} + \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References} + \bibitem{webapphandbook} Dafydd Stuttard, Marcus Pinto. \textit{The Web Application Hacker's Handbook: Finding and @@ -306,6 +464,7 @@ critical web application security risks: \textit{Mobile Application Security: 15 Best Practices for App Developers} \texttt{https://checkmarx.com/2015/08/19/mobile-application} + \end{thebibliography} \end{document} |